INDIA
Survivors
skeptical, religious, conservative
10% of India | 97 million
Survivors are rural, mostly farmers and have very limited education
and income. They have extremely poor financial health and are stuck
in a vicious cycle of debt which partly drives their extremely low
self-esteem. Survivors mostly learn through one-to-one discussions with family as they are their primary source of support during difficult times, and they are highly distrustful of all formal institutions and the wider community.
Survivors
India Average
INCOME
self-employed
N/A
N/A
formally employed
N/A
N/A
EDUCATION
no education
27%
20%
up to tertiary
N/A
N/A
PHONE
own smartphone
17%
31%
feature phone
68%
61%
LAND
own land
57%
54%
have access to land
N/A
N/A
GENDER (FEMALE)
35%
47%
AGE (18-44)
16%
18%
GEOGRAPHY (RURAL)
90%
73%
SOCIOECONOMIC
19%
SES A-B
FORMAL ACCOUNT
OWNERSHIP
23%
38%
INFORMAL
FINANCIAL USAGE
18%
20%
MOBILE WALLET
OWNERSHIP
3%
8%
TECH USE
(LOWEST FREQUENCY)
74%
64%
CONTEXT
Who are they?
“When there was a drought, I didn’t know if I had
enough for my family to have 1 meal a day.”
Y MALLESHWAM
SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS (SES)
Survivors
India
Survivors are very low-SES and the most poorly educated of all the segments. This segment is predominantly rural with the majority of individuals receiving their income from farming. Both men and women fall into this segment, and almost half are below the age of 35.
51% of Survivors report that they take the household decisions themselves, while 25% report that their spouse make the decisions alone. These findings suggest that both men and women in this group may take on and share responsibility.
HOUSEHOLD DECISION MAKING
Survivors
India
ASPIRATIONS
What do they want?
Survivors aspire to escape the cycle of hand-to-mouth survival and end their constant debt cycle. Often their only wish is to find ways to protect themselves against unplanned financial burdens and shocks, and some form of capturing their savings.
BEHAVIOR
How do they manage their finances?
“My wife took DWRCA loan. I pay 1,500 rupees per month but
I don’t know how many installments of repayment remain.”
Y MALLESHWAM
Survivors’ overall financial health is significantly below the average for India. This is a reflection of their extreme income volatility with 72% of the segment reporting high to highest income volatility (significantly higher than the national average of 53%). Survivors often find themselves in a constant debt cycle, living from day to day, and frequently failing to meet daily household needs and expenses, perpetuating the cycle.
INCOME VOLATILITY
Survivors
India
SAVINGS WITH FAMILY OR AT HOME
Survivors
India
Only 19% of Survivors set aside money at home or with a close family member for safekeeping and not for spending. This is much lower than the national average and reflective of their constant debt cycle which hampers them from saving money at regular intervals.
Survivors are very low users of all forms of technology and entertainment. They are the lowest across all segments in their access to smartphones, even if the smartphone is commonly owned in a shared household. They use digital technologies infrequently and are less likely to have access to internet than other segments.
Survivors personally own phones less than average, but have access to a common-property phone in line with the average. Their phone use is concentrated towards making and receiving calls with 55% using their phones less than 2 times a day.
TECH USE FREQUENCY
Survivors
India
PSYCHOLOGY
How do they think?
"I saw on TV that people steal from the ATM by finding out
your information. My friend lost all his money this way."
Y MALLESHWAM
Survivors have the lowest self-esteem of all the segments. They have extremely low self belief, and a negative sense of self with 68% scoring in the low to lowest range, compared to 40% of the India average. They have little hope around their future prospects, and do not feel any ability or agency to change them.
84% of Survivors believe they have no control over anything good that happens to them, which manifests in a high external locus of control that is highest among all the segments. Their low SES may be a major contributing factor as they are socially isolated, are most likely to live in extreme poverty of all the segments (most likely to have a below the poverty card) and have often experienced very difficult times. Given their low self esteem and very high external locus of control, this segment is most vulnerable of all the segments.
LOCUS OF CONTROL
Survivors
India
CONSCIENTIOUSNESS
Survivors
India
Survivors are very low in their goal-oriented behavior and discipline, with 81% scoring low to lowest in dependability (the lowest across all segments). Survivors lack the tools to build discipline or meet goals and commitments. Part of this low score, is, as with self-esteem, a reflection of their extreme SES and their circumstances. Survivors operate in a constant debt cycle, which leaves little room for an ability to plan. In addition, they save infrequently, with little access to formal finance and room to develop good planning and saving habits. If they do save, they are more likely to save with family, friends and informal groups given the flexibility that they afford.
Only 23% have high to the highest levels of trust in media — the lowest across all segments. Their low trust in media is likely to be a reflection of their general high distrust of institutions, banks and even those within their own community. As the least socially connected of all the segments, Survivors face a double jeopardy as they have very few people to trust and predominantly rely on their immediate family. At the same time, Survivors are also the most in need of help and guidance, especially given they have the poorest financial health of all the segments, with little or no saving habits.
When it comes to informal and formal institutions, Survivors are also the most distrustful of banks across all the segments, with only 5% reporting trust in banks compared to the national average. Their extreme low trust in banks may be due to their general distrust of others, and because they have directly or indirectly had very negative financial experiences, from rogue money lenders, stories of stolen ATM pin codes and private bank scams.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
Survivors
India
INFLUENCE
Survivors
India
Survivors are more considerably distrustful of people than the national average, even their peer network. They chiefly trust and rely on their family as trusted advisors on financial information, with 56% of Survivors turning to their family compared to the national average of 50%. They have strong beliefs about who to trust as a result of negative experiences . Due to their social isolation, they are much less reliant on their friends compared to other segments, with only 14% reliant on friends compared to the average of 20%.
Survivors are very unlikely to be a source of information in their community with 60% reporting that they are low in influence in the community, compared to the average of 29%. Compared to other segments, Survivors live in a more rural areas, and are often socially cut off with only their immediate family to rely on.
Given their low financial literacy and average education, Survivors are the most reliant of all segments on needing others (e.g. family, friends) with them to review financial information, with 51 % reporting they rely on the assistance of others compared to the national average of 23%.
RELIANCE
Survivors
India
USER PROFILE
Y Malleshwam
“When there was a drought, I didn’t know if I had enough for my family to have 1 meal a day.”
—
Y Malleshwam is a farm laborer who lives in Medak with his wife and daughter. Malleshwam’s only dream is to break away from his family’s hand-to-mouth existence. Y Malleshwam never received formal schooling and has been working on farms since he was 9 years old. He wishes he had been able to have access to a formal education, but his circumstances never afforded him this opportunity.
Y Malleshwam’s main motivation is to create a safety net for his family. Although Malleshwam is yet to build savings, he aspires to be able to have something to fall back on in hard times and ensure the livelihood of his wife and his daughter. He cannot think of anything beyond these circumstances.
USER INSIGHTS
Formal Channels should bundle Protection from Financial
and Health Shocks
With zero assets and savings, Malleshwam is extremely vulnerable to any type of financial shock. Despite the availability of farmer insurance covers such as Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojna (PMFBY), Malleshwam has little knowledge of how these schemes work due to low financial literacy.
Malleshwam would benefit from a scheme that could bundle a buffer from shocks through an emergency fund and health protection.
Trust Building is Key
Malleshwam has personally experienced a number of negative encounters that have damaged his trust in formal and informal institutions. He now struggles to trust any agent or individual. Formal financial services need to focus efforts on building up trust for these consumers before anything else, and making terms especially clear and easy to understand.
Malleshwam needs a product that designs for trust, is framed in clear and easy-to-understand terms, and uses optimistic language to alleviate anxiety around consequences, such as missed repayments.